Otto Lyudvigovich Struvé (August 12, 1897-April 6, 1963), was a Russian astronomer, the last of a remarkable astronomical lineage. His great-grandfather, Wilhelm Struvé, founded the Pulkovo Observatory in 1839; his grandfather (Otto), uncle (Hermann) and father (Ludwig) were also distinguished astronomers. He began his academic career in Kharkiv, his native city.

Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren (21 January 1908 – 4 July 1987) was a Danish astronomer and astrophysicist.

Harlow Shapley (November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972) is notable for his groundbreaking 1918 work using Cepheid variables to estimate the size of the Milky Way Galaxy and the sun's position within it as well as in 1953 proposing the "Liquid Water Belt" theory, now known as the concept of a habitable zone.

Martin Ryle (1918-1984) was a British astrophysicist who developed the aperture synthesis technique of interferometry and constructed large radio telescopes, using them to discover and catalogue numerous radio sources. He guided the Cambridge radio astronomy group in the production of several important radio source catalogues.

Harry H. Plaskett FRS (July 5, 1893 - January 26, 1980) was a Canadian astronomer who made significant contributions to the fields of solar physics, astronomical spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. From 1932 to 1960, he served as the Savilian Professor of Astronomy at the University of Oxford, and in 1963 was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Bertil Lindblad (Örebro, 26 November 1895 – Saltsjöbaden (outside Stockholm, 25 June 1965) was a Swedish astronomer.